POTENSI EKSTRAK TINTA GURITA SEBAGAI IMUNOSTIMULAN ANTI-BIOFILM STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE PADA AKUAKULTUR
Potential of Octopus Ink Extract as an Anti-Biofilm Immunostimulant for Streptococcus agalactiae in Aquaculture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59896/gara.v20i2.639Keywords:
Akuakultur, Biofilm, Streptococcus agalactiae, Ekstrak Tinta Gurita, Quorum QuenchingAbstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture, causing streptococcosis in fish and causing significant economic losses. The pathogenicity of this bacteria is related to its virulence factors, including its ability to form biofilms that increase antibiotic resistance and host immune responses. One alternative approach to controlling infection is to disrupt the bacterial quorum sensing (QS) communication system through a quorum quenching mechanism. This study aims to analyze the potential of octopus ink extract as a quorum quenching agent in inhibiting S. agalactiae biofilm formation in aquaculture. The method used was a systematic literature review by collecting and analyzing various scientific sources such as journals, books, and relevant articles. Data analysis was carried out using content analysis techniques by selecting the literature most relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that octopus ink contains bioactive compounds, especially alkaloids, which have the potential to inhibit the QS system, suppress the expression of virulence factors, and inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. In addition, octopus ink extract also has the potential to improve the immune system of farmed fish. Thus, octopus ink extract has the potential to be developed as an environmentally friendly antibiofilm and immunostimulant agent. Further research is needed to identify specific active compounds and test their effectiveness and safety on a cultivation scale.
References
Abdallah, E. S. H., Metwally, W. G. M., Abdel-Rahman, M. A. M., Albano, M., & Mahmoud, M. M. (2024). Streptococcus agalactiae Infection in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A Review. Biology, 13(11), 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110914
Abdel–Razek, N., Khalil, R. H., Abdelrahiem, T. M. M., Fathi, M., & Metwaly, S. A. (2025). Isolation and Invitro Evaluation of Bacteriophage Therapy Targeting Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A Potential Approach to Sustainable Disease Management in Aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.70019
Abdul-Hamza, H. K., & Mohammed, G. J. (2021). Anti-quorum sensing effect of streptococcus agalatiaceae by Zinc Oxide, Copper Oxide, and Titanium Oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1999(1), 012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1999/1/012031
Affandi, R. I., Azhar, F., Scabra, A. R., Muahiddah, N., Dwiyanti, S., Saputra, M. A., Diniariwisan, D., Rahmadani, T. B. C., Asri, Y., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2025). Bioactive compounds identification of octopus (Octopus sp.) ink extract as candidates for aquaculture immunostimulants: a preliminary study. AACL Bioflux, 18(1), 500–511.
Affandi, R. I., & Diamahesa, W. A. (2023). POTENSI TANAMAN BROTOWALI (Tinospora cordifolia) SEBAGAI IMUNOSTIMULAN PADA IKAN. LEMURU: Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 5(3), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.36526/jl.v5i3.2967
Affandi, R. I., & Diniariwisan, D. (2024). POTENTIAL USE OF FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE) AS FISH IMMUNOSTIMULANT: ARTICLE REVIEW. Jurnal Perikanan Unram, 14(2), 657–672. https://doi.org/10.29303/jp.v14i2.816
Affandi, R. I., Fadjar, M., & Ekawati, A. W. (2019). Active Compounds on Squid (Loligo sp.) Ink Extract Powder as Immunostimulant Candidate to Against Shrimp Disease. Research Journal of Life Science, 6(3), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.rjls.2019.006.03.1
Affandi, R. I., Fadjar, M., Muahiddah, N., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2023). POTENSI TINTA GURITA (OCTOPUS SP.) SEBAGAI IMUNOSTIMULAN PADA UDANG VANAME (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI). GANEC SWARA, 17(1), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.35327/gara.v17i1.403
Affandi, R. I., Rahmadani, T. B. C., & Mulyani, L. F. (2026). POTENTIAL OF OCTOPUS INK EXTRACT AS A QUORUM- QUENCHING AGENT TO INHIBIT Vibrio harveyi BIOFILM FORMATION IN AQUACULTURE (REVIEW). Jurnal Perikanan Pantura (JPP), 9(1), 1–15.
Affandi, R. I., Scabra, A. R., & Saputra, M. A. (2025). Effect of Octopus (Octopus sp.) Ink Extract on Haematological of the Catfish (Clarias sp.) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries Zoology, 29(3), 3375–3391.
Affandi, R. I., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2023). Potensi Tanaman Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Sebagai Imunostimulan Pada Ikan. JURNAL VOKASI ILMU-ILMU PERIKANAN (JVIP), 4(1), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.35726/jvip.v4i1.7109
Affandi, R. I., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2024a). Potensi Tanaman Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet) Sebagai Imunostimulan Pada Ikan. JURNAL VOKASI ILMU-ILMU PERIKANAN (JVIP), 4(2), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.35726/jvip.v4i2.7246
Affandi, R. I., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2024b). Potensi Tanaman Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Sebagai Imunostimulan Pada Udang. JURNAL VOKASI ILMU-ILMU PERIKANAN (JVIP), 5(1), 09–21. https://doi.org/10.35726/jvip.v5i1.7333
Affandi, R. I., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2025a). POTENSI EKSTRAK TINTA GURITA SEBAGAI QUORUM QUENCHING UNTUK MENCEGAH PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM Edwardsiella tarda PADA AKUAKULTUR (REVIEW). Jurnal Perikanan Pantura (JPP), 8(2), 809–823. https://doi.org/10.30587/jpp.v8i2.10511
Affandi, R. I., & Setyono, B. D. H. (2025b). Potential of Octopus Ink Extract as Anti-Quorum Sensing to Prevent Aeromonas hydrophila Biofilm in Aquaculture. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 25(1), 459–470. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v25i1.8438
Akinboye, A. O., Makhubu, F. N., Karzis, J., Petzer, I.-M., & McGaw, L. J. (2024). In vitro antibiofilm and quorum sensing inhibition activities of selected South African plants with efficacy against bovine mastitis pathogens. South African Journal of Botany, 166, 455–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.01.055
Alves-Barroco, C., Paquete-Ferreira, J., Santos-Silva, T., & Fernandes, A. R. (2020). Singularities of Pyogenic Streptococcal Biofilms – From Formation to Health Implication. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11(December), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.584947
Cushnie, T. P. T., Cushnie, B., & Lamb, A. J. (2014). Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 44(5), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001
De Silva, L. A. D. S., & Heo, G.-J. (2023). Biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Archives of Microbiology, 205(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03332-8
Doan, H. Van, Soltani, M., Leitão, A., Shafiei, S., Asadi, S., Lymbery, A. J., & Ringø, E. (2022). Streptococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Significance and Phytotherapy. Animals, 12(18), 2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182443
Fernando, S. I. D., Judan Cruz, K. G., & Watanabe, K. (2020). Quorum Sensing-Linked agrA Expression by Ethno-Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles in Tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Formation. BioNanoScience, 10(3), 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00758-6
Ghosh, A., Jayaraman, N., & Chatterji, D. (2020). Small-Molecule Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm. ACS Omega, 5(7), 3108–3115. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03695
Hamdi, S. A. H., El-Shazly, M. A. M., Fol, M. F., Mossalem, H. S., Ghareeb, M. A., Ibrahim, A. M., Aloufi, A. ., El-Ghany, M. N. A., & Korany, S. M. (2024). Octopus vulgaris ink chemical profiling and validation of its potential as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer as well as anti-Schistosomal drug in vitro. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 76(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13217
Hetta, H. F., Ramadan, Y. N., Rashed, Z. I., Alharbi, A. A., Alsharef, S., Alkindy, T. T., Alkhamali, A., Albalawi, A. S., Battah, B., & Donadu, M. G. (2024). Quorum Sensing Inhibitors: An Alternative Strategy to Win the Battle against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacteria. Molecules, 29(15), 3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153466
Kang, X., Yang, X., He, Y., Guo, C., Li, Y., Ji, H., Qin, Y., & Wu, L. (2023). Strategies and materials for the prevention and treatment of biofilms. Materials Today Bio, 23(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100827
Kumar, A., & Pasha, Y. (2020). Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms From Squid Loligoduvauceliand Generation of Microbe Free Crude Ink. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical & Biological Sciences, 10(3), 80–87.
Mishra, R. A. K., & Muthukaliannan, G. K. (2022). Role of microalgal metabolites in controlling quorum-sensing-regulated biofilm. Archives of Microbiology, 204(3), 163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02776-2
Mishra, R., Panda, A. K., De Mandal, S., Shakeel, M., Bisht, S. S., & Khan, J. (2020). Natural Anti-biofilm Agents: Strategies to Control Biofilm-Forming Pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11(October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.566325
Munir, S., Shah, A. A., Shahid, M., Manzoor, I., Aslam, B., Rasool, M. H., Saeed, M., Ayaz, S., & Khurshid, M. (2020). Quorum Sensing Interfering Strategies and Their Implications in the Management of Biofilm-Associated Bacterial Infections. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 63. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020190555
Neil, B., Cheney, G. L., Rosenzweig, J. A., Sha, J., & Chopra, A. K. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance in aeromonads and new therapies targeting quorum sensing. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 108(1), 205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-024-13055-z
Samreen, Qais, F. A., & Ahmad, I. (2022). Anti-quorum sensing and biofilm inhibitory effect of some medicinal plants against gram-negative bacterial pathogens: in vitro and in silico investigations. Heliyon, 8(10), e11113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11113
Saputra, M. A., Scabra, A. R., & Affandi, R. I. (2025). Effectiveness of Octopus (Octopus sp.) Ink Exctract on the Growth of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Fish Health, 5(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.29303/jfh.v5i1.6102
Sharma, S., Mohler, J., Mahajan, S. D., Schwartz, S. A., Bruggemann, L., & Aalinkeel, R. (2023). Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment. Microorganisms, 11(6), 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061614
Sirimanapong, W., Phước, N. N., Crestani, C., Chen, S., & Zadoks, R. N. (2023). Geographical, Temporal and Host-Species Distribution of Potentially Human-Pathogenic Group B Streptococcus in Aquaculture Species in Southeast Asia. Pathogens, 12(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040525
Ta, C., & Arnason, J. (2016). Mini Review of Phytochemicals and Plant Taxa with Activity as Microbial Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitors. Molecules, 21(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010029
Talagrand-Reboul, E., Jumas-Bilak, E., & Lamy, B. (2017). The social life of Aeromonas through biofilm and quorum sensing systems. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(JAN). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00037
Verma, S., Kumari, M., Pathak, A., Yadav, V., Johri, A. K., & Yadav, P. (2023). Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence genes of Streptococcus agalactiae serotypes of Indian origin. BMC Microbiology, 23(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02877-y
Yadav, P., Verma, S., Bauer, R., Kumari, M., Dua, M., Johri, A. K., Yadav, V., & Spellerberg, B. (2020). Deciphering Streptococcal Biofilms. Microorganisms, 8(11), 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111835
Zhang, M., Han, W., Gu, J., Qiu, C., Jiang, Q., Dong, J., Lei, L., & Li, F. (2022). Recent advances on the regulation of bacterial biofilm formation by herbal medicines. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039297
Zhao, J., Chen, M., Quan, C. S., & Fan, S. D. (2014). Mechanisms of quorum sensing and strategies for quorum sensing disruption in aquaculture pathogens. Journal of Fish Diseases, 38(9), 771–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12299
Zhou, K., Shi, M., Chen, R., Zhang, Y., Sheng, Y., Tong, C., Cao, G., & Shou, D. (2025). Natural phytochemical-based strategies for antibiofilm applications. Chinese Medicine, 20(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-025-01147-5
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rangga Idris Affandi, Bagus Dwi Hari Setyono, I Made Dedi Mahariawan, Jefri Anjaini, Feri Setiawan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
